- Biogeography (19)
- Climatology (36)
- Environment (76)
- Geomorphology (57)
- GIS and Remote Sensing (18)
- Human and economic geography (62)
- Hydrology (54)
- Regional geography (45)
- Tourism (42)
- Various (33)
Geographical studies and environment protection research
Subjects
Volume XV | Supplement 2
SWAT Model Application for Simulating Nutrients Emission from an Agricultural Catchment in Ukraine
Abstract: For the first time in Ukraine, a process-based watershed model SWAT was applied for the analysis of a surface water body contamination by nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. The model was applied in a small Holovesnya River Catchment (area 30.4 km2) located in the forest zone of Ukraine on the territory of the Desna water-balance station. The model run was in daily step for years 1985−1988, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012. The calibration and validation within SWAT-CUP showed good results for streamflow (NS, R2 > 0.6, PBIAS < 4%), acceptable for nitrogen and phosphorus loads (NS > 0.6, RSR < 0.6, PBIAS < 43%).Streamflow and removal of nitrogen and phosphorus mineral compounds were to estimate the dependence of nutrient wash-off on the amount and practice of fertilizing were evaluated to provide recommendations for agricultural management. Increase of the amount of fertilizer results in the reduction of its efficiency. Divided application of fertilizer leads to the nitrate wash-off reduction by 66%.
Full article 10.5775/fg.2016.041.sDates:
Received: 31-10-2016 Accepted: 25-01-2017 Printed: 30-12-2016 Online: 21-05-2017
Affiliations:
- 1 Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute, National Academy of Sciences, avenue Nauki, 37, Kyiv, Ukraine
Citation:
Copyright:
© 2017 The Author(s). Published by Forum geografic.
Provided under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License.
Open Access article.
Provided under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License.
Open Access article.
Volume XV | Supplement 2
Evaporation and evapotranspiration in Romania
Abstract: Evaporation and evapotranspiration are two of the most important elements for achieving a comprehensive study of water balance components and of conceptual hydrological models, lately becoming parameters of great interest in research on climate change. This study can be used for determining of evaporation and evapotranspiration rates at micro-scale using indirect methods. The importance of this study consists in identifying the regions exposed to significant water release in terms of water evaporation and evapotranspiration, in order to improve the practices and methods of water reserve management nationwide. In Romania, the spatial distribution of the analyzed variables is, for the most part, determined by the relief, which constitutes the main factor that dictates the particularities of both the local and regional climate. Among the morphometric characteristics of the relief, altitude plays the most important role in the spatial conditioning of the analyzed parameters. The spatial distribution of evaporation and evapotranspiration, at annual, seasonal and monthly levels in Romania was made through the spatial interpolation method (Digital Terrain Model with a resolution of 30 m). The results of the analysis revealed the following aspects: on a multi-year period, evaporation in Romania ranges from 300 mm – 800 mm/year, with the highest values recorded in the south east of the country and the Danube Floodplain (over 1,000 mm/year), western part (over 800 mm/year) and the lowest values registered in the mountain areas (less than 400 mm/year). The values of evapotranspiration vary between 300 mm/year and 625 mm/year, with a maximum of over 650 m/year in the plains and a minimum of less than 300 mm/year in the mountains.
Full article 10.5775/fg.2016.058.sDates:
Received: 21-11-2016 Accepted: 21-02-2017 Printed: 30-12-2016 Online: 21-05-2017
Affiliations:
- 1 National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management, 97E Bucureşti - Ploieşti Road, Sector 1, 013686, Bucharest, Romania
Citation:
Copyright:
© 2017 The Author(s). Published by Forum geografic.
Provided under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License.
Open Access article.
Provided under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License.
Open Access article.
Volume XV | Supplement 2
Assessment of Flash Flood Hazard Maps Using Different Threshold Values and Indices Methods
Marius Mătreață1,,
Simona Mătreaţă1,
Romulus-Dumitru Costache1,
Andreea Mihalcea1,
Andreea Violeta Manolache1
Abstract: This paper presents an integrated approach for preparation of flash flood hazard maps using different threshold values and indices methods. The methods are based on the influence of the main physical-geographical factors on the rainfall-runoff processes.The approach utilizes the ROFFG threshold runoff values for the small sub-basins configured within the Romanian Flash Flood Guidance System (ROFFG), together with robust runoff coefficient estimates for selected rainfall scenarios. Calculation of Flash Flood Potential employs a dimensionless index based on several geographical factors determined in GIS (raster format at 30 meters cell size) that influence the surface runoff. The index and general rainfall-runoff analysis in representative gauged sub-basins (area < 200 km2) are used for the general validation of the results of the ROFFG threshold runoff method.The results of the ROFFG method highlight the existence of a high hazard caused by flash floods in 2401 basins, which cover about 61754 km2 (25% of the total area of Romania). The Flash Flood Potential Index (FFPI) method highlights too high and very high values of FFPI in 2805 small basins covering an area of about 80000 km2 (approximately 33% of the total area of Romanian area). Both methods indicate that the highest flash floods hazards occur in the mountain and hilly areas.
Full article 10.5775/fg.2016.059.sDates:
Received: 17-11-2016 Accepted: 13-02-2017 Printed: 30-12-2016 Online: 21-05-2017
Affiliations:
- 1 National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management, 97E Bucureşti - Ploieşti Road, Sector 1, 013686, Bucharest, Romania
Citation:
Copyright:
© 2017 The Author(s). Published by Forum geografic.
Provided under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License.
Open Access article.
Provided under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License.
Open Access article.
Volume XV | Supplement 2
Results of a long-term study on an experimental watershed in southern Italy
Tommaso Caloiero1,,
Corrado Biondo1,
Giovanni Callegari1,
Alessio Collalti1,
Raffaele Froio1,
Mauro Maesano1,
Giorgio Matteucci1,
Gaetano Pellicone1,
Antonella Veltri1
Abstract: Forested watersheds offer a wide array of benefits. In fact, forest cover affects the hydrological response of a basin, regulating the volumes of water content in the soil through processes of interception, infiltration, and evapotranspiration. Altering forest cover can significantly influence water balances at both site and watershed scale. Understanding the relationship between vegetation and streamflow is vital to assess the effects of forest disturbance on hydrologic response, and to identify best management practices in a watershed. The aim of the present research was to evaluate the role of forests in the hydrological processes which occur in a headwater basin draining a Calabrian pine forest (Pinus laricio Poiret). Moreover, the analysis also involved studies of forest carbon uptake. Since 1986 the Bonis watershed has been instrumented and precipitation, runoff, throughfall, stemflow, and some climatic parameters have been measured. Recently, in order to study carbon and water cycle dynamics (for climate change mitigation assessment) and to give information about the amount of water used by plants, a tower with Eddy covariance technique was installed. The study concerned the analysis of precipitation and the interaction between forest cover and throughfall, stemflow and runoff after a thinning treatment. Investigation on CO2 and evapotranspiration with the Eddy covariance methodology has also been performed. Results have shown an increase (more than 50%) of the runoff in the basin after the forest thinning (50% of the stems corresponding to 30% of the basal area) while no significant differences in rainfall have been detected before and after the forest thinning. In particular, after the thinning, the runoff coefficient increased from 0.21 to 0.29 during the autumn-winter period, while in the summer season it shifted from 0.16 to 0.41. The results of this study evidenced the effect of a silvicultural practice on the runoff response thus showing that an appropriate forest management can have a key role in water management at basin scale.
Full article 10.5775/fg.2016.067.sDates:
Received: 27-10-2016 Accepted: 6-02-2017 Printed: 30-12-2016 Online: 21-05-2017
Affiliations:
Corresponding author:
Citation:
Acknowledgements:
The research discussed in this paper has been undertaken as part of the PON03_00024_1 Public-Private Laboratory for Innovative Technologies with High Environmental Sustainability in the Forest-Wood-Energy Processing Chain - Ambi.Tec.Fil.Legno – ALForLab project.
Copyright:
© 2017 The Author(s). Published by Forum geografic.
Provided under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License.
Open Access article.
Provided under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License.
Open Access article.
Volume XV | Supplement 2
Measuring and modelling water transport on Skaftafellsheiði, Iceland
Abstract: Areas with thick basaltic aquifers are used for drinking water supply and irrigation purposes, such as the Columbia River Basalt group in northwest USA and the Deccan Traps in India. However, rainfall-runoff processes in these basaltic areas are poorly understood. Cooling joints can transport large amounts of water, but – due to their limited porosity – they are vulnerable for over-abstraction. On Iceland, in the small Skaftafellsheiði basaltic catchment (4 x 6 km), field data were collected in 2014 and 2015. Two small streams discharge the rain surplus. Precipitation was measured at various elevations on the ridge. Also, the discharge of the streams was measured. A groundwater flow model was constructed in order to get more insight in the physical properties of the basalt aquifer and its rainfall-runoff properties. The field experiments showed that precipitation increases linearly with surface elevation. On average, the precipitation at 800 m+msl was almost double, relative to the precipitation at 200 m+msl. Calculated ETpot was rather high, due to the 19 potential sun hours per day during the Icelandic summer. Field experiments revealed quick discharge response on rainfall events, but also rather constant base flow during dryer periods. This indicates a limited infiltration capacity, but also a considerable storage capacity in the subsequent layers. The peat layer is believed to be the dominant storage/reservoir. Peat, regolith and an organic layer formed the top layer in the GMS-Modflow groundwater model. The thick basaltic aquifer was split in a series of model layers. Best results were obtained by using a decreasing hydraulic conductivity to depth. The transient model overestimated the groundwater levels at the outlet, but managed to reproduce the wet/dry conditions in the catchment rather well. This indicates that it is possible to model complex basaltic aquifers, by taking a large Representative Elementary Volume (REV) as starting point.
Full article 10.5775/fg.2016.069.sDates:
Received: 2-11-2016 Accepted: 25-01-2017 Printed: 30-12-2016 Online: 21-05-2017
Affiliations:
- 1 Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management Group, Department of Environmental Science, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Citation:
Acknowledgements:
The authors would like to thank George Bier for his help on constructing a reliable GMS-MODFLOW model and Merel Kooi for her contribution to the fieldwork and model construction.
Copyright:
© 2017 The Author(s). Published by Forum geografic.
Provided under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License.
Open Access article.
Provided under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License.
Open Access article.
Keywords
agriculture
Banat
Bucharest
Bulgaria
climate change
COVID-19
Craiova
cultural tourism
Danube
deindustrialization
demographic decline
drought
Environment
erosion
European Union
flash flood
flood risk
geodiversity
geomorphology
geomorphometry
GIS
human pressure
Hungary
land cover
landscape
land use
morphometry
Oltenia Plain
pollution
precipitation
regional development
remote sensing
Romania
rural-urban fringe
rural area
rural tourism
Serbia
Southern Carpathians
sustainability
sustainable development
tourism
urban development
urban sprawl
urban transport
water pollution
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