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Volume XV |

HYDROBOD: obtaining a GIS-based hydrological soil database and a runoff coefficient calculator for Lower Austria

Abstract: In the State of Lower Austria, rainfall-runoff models it is an acknowledged method used when estimating flood peak discharges for small catchments where there are no direct gauging observations. An important input parameter for these models is the volumetric runoff coefficient, which was estimated by rather simple methods until now (for instance the CN-method of the U.S.G.S), which did not provide very reliable results.The project HYDROBOD intends to provide a solid and homogeneous database of some basic soil hydraulic parameters over the whole state area (over 19.000 km²) and contains a hydrological model for estimation of these runoff coefficients which takes into account some relevant input variables. In a first step (HYDROBOD I), hydraulic soil parameters are calculated by regionalization methods and assembled for the whole area of Lower Austria, using a GIS-database (ESRI ArcGIS 10.2; at a 50 x 50 m grid). They include soil layer depth, storage capacity, saturated vertical conductivity, plus a classification of the soil reaction types referring to storm events. These data are now available for three soil layers, from top soil down to 1 m below surface. In a second step (HYDROBOD II), a vertical one-dimensional event model was set up which allows to calculate storm event runoff coefficients on a cell-by-cell basis for any given area in Lower Austria. This model uses the hydraulic soil parameters obtained from HYDROBOD I, plus an estimation of unsaturated vertical pore flux and a soil water storage model with several modules. This model needs the following input parameters: a shape-file with the catchment area, and pairs of rainfall data (duration + rainfall depth). Results of a calculation process are: runoff coefficients (as an average over the catchment area) for each pair of rainfall data, and for different initial wetness scenarios (from “dry” to “saturated”). Validation of the model is promising.

Volume XV |

Pollution load released into the Bay of Gdańsk by small river catchments in the coastal city of Sopot

Abstract: The purpose of the study is to determine the quantity of wastewater entering the Gulf of Gdańsk, which is part of the Baltic Sea. The study area consists of small river catchments in the city of Sopot, which lies along the Gulf. The research also aims to determine wastewater release volumes over time, instead of focusing only on spatial distributions. Another aim is to identify main determinants potentially affecting water quality in rivers flowing across the city of Sopot. Land use is also considered as a factor. The study area consists of seven small river catchments in the city of Sopot, each with an open flow channel. The study period was 2014 – 2015. Laboratory tests were performed to determine the concentration of both total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Other metrics in the study included pH, specific conductivity, water temperature, dissolved oxygen content, and suspended matter content. Discharge was also measured for each studied river. Comparisons were then made with local meteorological data. Research has shown that none of the 6 studied rivers experienced concentrations of total nitrogen above the norm accepted in Poland for Class 1 water quality (5 mg·dm-3). Mean annual values ranged from 0.60 to 1.28 mg·dm-3. The Class 1 norm for phosphorus (0.2 mg·dm-3) was also not exceeded in the case of total phosphorus in any of the 6 studied rivers. Phosphorus values ranged from 0.066 to 0.1 mg·dm-3. The annual load supplied by all 6 rivers in the Sopot city area during the study period was 4,295.9 kg for total nitrogen and 370.2 kg for total phosphorus. For the purpose of comparison, the load supplied by Poland as a whole in the year 2012 was: 210,768,000 kg total nitrogen, and 15,269,000 kg total phosphorus. In summary, the 6 small rivers discussed in this paper contribute 0.002% of the biogenic load supplied to the Baltic Sea by Poland as a whole.

Volume XV |

Temporal rainfall properties at events scale in the Curvature Subcarpathians (Romania)

Abstract: Characteristics of rainfall events (RE) play a determinant role in the hydrologic process in a small catchment (e.g., runoff formation, flood elements), water balance and water resource management. The goal was to investigate temporal rainfall properties at events scale. The study was based on long-term properties of rainfall events (e.g., depths, intensities), recorded in the warm semester (the period between 1 April and 30 September; 1980-2010) at Voinești Experimental Basin (VEB), Romania. Rainfall events values were recorded by a pluviograph, production of the former USSR. The rain gauge is situated at the central place of the VEB (altitude 500 m a.s.l.), in Curvature Subcarpathians. A valuable database with 1852 rainfall events characteristics was created. The depths (mm) and durations (min) of each RE were recorded and rainfall maximum and average intensities (mm/min) were calculated. Rainfall events were characterized by small depth (up to 15.7 mm; up to 90th percentile) ~ 93% and they were concentrated (34.4%) in May. Almost half of RE (48.2%), had short duration (up to one hour) and the smallest depth (95% confidence interval, 3.85–4.56 mm), while those with durations longer than 5 hours (10.5%) were specific the September (22.5%). Regarding maximum intensities of rainfall events, just 16 events exceeding 1 mm/min (0.86%), which denote insignificant occurrence – encountered phenomenon in all months, especially in August – and mild torrential character. Insignificant rainfall events correlations between rainfall parameters were observed. Just “time – depth” correlation has been notable (Pearson’s r: 0.631). Absolute frequency of rainfall events parameters in most cases shows a strong density of smallest interval. These results may have important implications for next runoff plot study.

Volume XV |

Volcanic Eruptions in South Europe and the Change of Carbon Dioxide Concentration – Case Study: “Moussala” Basic Environmental Observatory

Abstract: The volcanic eruptions are one of the most characteristic natural sources of CO2 in the atmosphere (IPCC, 1990, 2007). In order to study the effect of volcanic eruptions on the increased levels of CO2, we have used data from the Basic Environmental Observatory (BEO) “Moussala”, Bulgaria, for the period comprised between July 2007 and March 2015. The Carbon dioxide is not a health hazard gas and there is no established limit concentration by the Bulgarian and international law. In this study, we have accepted as extremely high values the values that exceed the 95th percentile of the distribution of the daily average values for the studied period. The days with exceeding CO2 concentration were analysed in terms of volcanic activity (Etna), which could affect the investigated area with the spread of air pollutants and also CO2. The simulations developed by the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) Model are used in order to describe the trajectory and dispersion of pollutant and products from eruptions of Etna in the atmosphere. A synchrony between the occurrence of days with extreme high concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere in the region of BEO “Moussala” and eruptions of Etna volcano was established in most of the investigated cases.The analysis of the results from BEO “Moussala” confirms the impact of the volcanic eruptions and Etna volcano, in particular, for the increasing of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. On the other side, it was established that the activity of Etna is not the only factor which has impact on the concentration of CO2. More detailed analyses concerning not only natural, but also anthropogenic factors have to be done in the future in order to clarify the reasons for the increasing concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere (IPCC, 2014).

Volume XV |

The Mediterranean Oscillation (MOI) and the Forest Fires in Romania in the Period 1986–2014

Abstract: The study examines the connection between the Mediterranean Oscillation (MOI) and the forest fires (the annual number of fires, the annual burned area and the average burned area per fire) in Romania in the period 1986–2014. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (R) was used for determination of the correlation connection. Two MOI datasets were used: MOI-1 (Algiers and Cairo) and MOI-2 (Israel and Gibraltar). Monthly, seasonal and annual values of MOI were used in the calculations. Results for the number of fires and MOI-1: the highest values of R (statistically significant at the level of p≤0.05) were obtained for April (–0.446) and June (0.423), and for summer (0.432). The annual burned area and MOI-1: the highest values of R (statistically significant at the level of p≤0.05) were obtained for April (–0.459), and for winter (0.406). The number of fires and MOI-2: the highest values of R (statistically significant at the level of p≤0.01) were obtained for June (0.556) and February (0.475), and for summer (0.507). The annual burned area and MOI-2: the highest values of R (statistically significant at the level of p≤0.05) were obtained for June (0.449) and February (0.439), and for summer (0.439). Results of the research could be used for the long-term forecast of forest fires in Romania. However, further investigations of the connection between forest fires and other climate indices are necessary.