- Biogeography (19)
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- Environment (77)
- Geomorphology (58)
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- Various (37)
Abstract: Soil erosion in steep vineyard terraces presents critical environmental challenges that require high-resolution, real-time geomorphological monitoring. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry has revolutionized this field; however, an experimental gap persists regarding the operational need for Ground Control Points (GCPs) when utilizing high-precision Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) systems in extreme geometries. This study provides a rigorous comparative analysis between the DJI Mavic 3M and the DJI Matrice T4 (Thermal) platforms under two georeferencing configurations (RTK-only direct georeferencing vs. RTK+GCP workflows). Both drones were operated under identical parameters: flown on the same day at solar noon, with an 80% longitudinal and lateral image overlap, and at a flight altitude of 40 m above ground level. Four key topographic and soil erosion derivatives were extracted in ArcGIS Pro and statistically compared cell-by-cell using raster calculator algebra: Slope Gradient, Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), Convergence Index (CI), and the RUSLE LS-factor. The residual analysis revealed an outstanding structural alignment between workflows, with absolute median discrepancies restricted to 0.7° for slope, 0.4 for TWI, and 0.0 for CI. Absolute coordinate tracking across 10 independent checkpoints unveiled that the non-GCP workflow behaves as a perfectly rigid photogrammetric block, introducing an identical systematic translation vector (Delta X= 0.2 m, Delta Y= 5.4 m, Delta Z= -2.8 m) with near-zero standard deviations (approx. 0.1 m) for both platforms. Because neighborhood-cell algorithms remain unaffected by this rigid displacement, the derivative geomorphological maps are morphologically identical. These findings demonstrate that for high-resolution pedogeomorphological monitoring on steep slopes, the internal positioning stability of the DJI D-RTK 3 system successfully eliminates the operational dependency on physical ground control networks. This methodological shift significantly optimizes fieldwork efficiency, safety, and operational costs without compromising scientific rigor.
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